The Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven - 1408 Words

Ludwig van Beethoven When I was 7 years old, my parents signed me up for music school. I did not want to go to music school, but they wanted me just to try. In first class we were just listening classical music and it really sounded boring. But when Beethoven’s fifth symphony came on, I fell in love with classical music and I wanted to study it even more. My sister was also in musical school and she played piano and when I came back from school, I was begging her to play me some of Beethoven’s pieces. I wanted to study everything about him and also learn how to play some of his pieces. So writing this paper is going to be fun, and I am going to write it with pleasure. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in city of Bonn in Germany in 1770, but later on he moved to Vienna where he spent his last days and he died in 1827. He was one of the greatest pianists and composers of all time, and lot of people were looking up to him and his work. He was considered a musical genius, becau se a lot of his pieces are being studied today. We can say that he was one of those composers who set the standards in music. He was naturally talented and his whole family was full of musicians. He was son of Johann and Maria Magdalena. His dad also loved music and he was teaching his son a lot of useful stuff about music. But the bad part was when his dad came home drunk and he used to wake up his son early in the morning to play piano. He had six siblings and just him and his other two brothers survivedShow MoreRelatedThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven900 Words   |  4 PagesLudwig van Beethoven All throughout music history lived many composers that have impacted not only the societies in which they have lived in, but modern-day society as well. These particular composers have given many societies the chance to listen, feel and express themselves through music and instruments that were invented centuries ago that still remain essential components of music today. One example of a composer that changed the music world drastically was a man by the name of Ludwig van BeethovenRead MoreMusic: Ludwig Van Beethoven1670 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Music is might not be the universal language but it plays an important role in human culture as well as the society. Music is not only provide entertainment but it is also a tool for a composer and listeners to release emotion. The best well-known for his inspiring power and expressiveness music is Ludwig van Beethoven. He was a musical genius whose composed some of the most influential pieces of music ever written. During the Classical period, Beethoven’s compositions were the expression as oneRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1701 Words   |  7 Pages2014 Music 173 Research Paper Ludwig van Beethoven Music has been around a long time and is a big part of America’s history. There are many styles of music such as, Rap, RB, Jazz, Classical, Oldies and so on. There has been many great composers throughout the years, these people are legends that will stand for ever such as, Beethoven, George Frideric Handel, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The one artist that I’m going to write about in this paper is the one and only Ludwig vanRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1739 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of history there has never been a more influential, creative and versatile composer as Ludwig Van Beethoven. If not for his ability to expand the way in which music is created, played and heard, current music would lack the polyphonic sound that is needed in order to create texture and depth. Beethoven is believed to be purely a classical composer. However, to the contrary he can also be considered purely romantic. His compositions consisted of a form that was never heard beforeRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven : An Impact On Music733 Words   |  3 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven No other composer or musical artist has made as big of an impact on music as Ludwig Van Beethoven. He influenced many other composers, and made some of the most beautiful pieces that are still played today. It is truly amazing that he was able to master his craft and become questionably the greatest composer that has ever lived, despite having a condition that would seem to make composing music impossible. Beethoven, being born so long ago, does not have an exact recordedRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven And Western Music1262 Words   |  6 Pages Beethoven is perhaps the most famous musician of all time. Ever since his death in 1827, he has been a principal figure in the history of Western Music. His influence later on was so enormous to other composers, that it actually intimidated them. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770, to a family of musicians at the royal court of Cologne. His name descended from his grandfather, who settled in Bonn in 1732. Both his father and grandfather were professional musicians who performed at the courtRead MoreMusic Composer Beethoven. Ludwig Van Beethoven Was One980 Words   |  4 PagesMusic Composer Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the most famous German composers who played a huge role in pioneering the transition of music from the classical era to the Romantic era. His work in concerto, symphony, sonata, and quartet is considered instrumental in expanding both the scope and reach of music. He also came up with a new way of combining vocals and instruments. Beethoven struggled with auditory decline for most of his life, and was nearly deaf toward the end. InterestinglyRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, The Man Who Changed Music1003 Words   |  5 PagesBailey Selwitschka’s NEWSLETTER December 4, 2015 Ludwig Van Beethoven, The man who changed music Biography Ever since childhood, Beethoven has loved music. He claims that his father used to teach him, at a young age, every day and night upon returning home. Beethoven reigns from a house of seven children, though sadly, only three boys survived, of whom Beethoven was the eldest. Beethoven’s father was a renowned musician atRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven And His Influence On Classical Music1402 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is a revered figure in the history of classical music in today’s world. Born in Bonn, Germany, he underwent strict guidance from his father who aspired to mold him into the next generation â€Å"Mozart.† Sailing through the tides of social, political and cultural revolution, Beethoven became a renowned composer and rose in ranks in the history of classical music. Although succumbed to deafness in his later years, Beethoven had left behind a phenomenon legacy which took the stage

Heart of Darkness and Apocolypse Now Analysis of BookMovie

Heart of Darkness and Apocolypse Now : analysis of bookmovie Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Inherent inside every human soul is a savage evil side that remains repressed by society. Often this evil side breaks out during times of isolation from our culture, and whenever one culture confronts another. Joseph Conrad s book, The Heart of Darkness and Francis Coppola s movie, Apocalypse Now are both stories about Man s journey into his self, and the discoveries to be made there. They are also about Man confronting his fears of failure, insanity, death, and cultural contamination. Heart of Darkness is about a man named Marlo telling of a trip he took into Africa to find a man named Kurtz for a company. During Marlow s mission to†¦show more content†¦Kurtz is facing a new culture and has a terrible time dealing with it. This was the beginning of his insanity. The disconnection between the opening words of Kurtz s report By the simple exercise of our will, we can exert a power for good practically unbounded and the note on the last page, Exterminate all the brutes! illust rates the progressive externalization of Kurtz s fear of contamination. The personal fear of loss of self-which colonialist whites saw in the uncivilized, seemingly regressive lifestyle of the natives. Coppola makes a point to show us that the Chief of a boat armed to the teeth was killed by a native in a tree who threw a spear. Not even an advanced Navy boat can defend itself against some simple natives armed only with spears. This opens Captain Willard s eyes to the horror of the situation he now finds himself in. We live our lives sheltered in our own society, and our exposure to cultures outside of our own is limited at best. Often, the more technologically advanced cultures look down upon those that they deem to be simpler. On the occasion that some member of one culture does come into contact with another, simpler culture, a self discovery happens. Both cultures realize that deep down inside, all

Reflection On Empathy Interview Free Sample @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theReflection On Empathy Interview. Answer: Introduction The script is adapted from the interview of cried out by three members of our group. The research was meant demystify how culture shock affects international students in Australia. Culture shock is an experience whereby people are exposed to different beliefs, values, and unfamiliar culture that is different from their ethnic beliefs and norms. Culture shock at some point can bring mental torture because at some point the affected feel neglected or lonely in the new environment (Hellstn, 2002). The people to interview were the international students in the institution. One of the interviewee is a first year student who has been admitted o campus in the last intake. The second interviewee is a novice international scholar who has stayed in campus for two years or less. Our last interviewee was a senior student who has a final semester in school. All the interviewees were international students. The sample questions included: What has been your most memorable moment as an international student? And why? What do you like most about this campus and why? How do you cope up with a new social environment? What do you like most about this school? The first respondent feedback: The most memorable day is the day I arrived at the international airport to come to learn in this institution. It was my first time to travel by air of course. I like the campus first because of the resources they offer and the moral support they give to international students during the orientation day. Moreover, the Campus comprises of people from different ethnic groups hence i don`t feel inferior studying at this here. I cope with the new environment by interacting with the natives and am yet to adjust to this culture. The school admits students from all countries in the world hence it is metropolitan. The second interviewee feedback: The most memorable day is the day I received a scholarship letter to come and pursue my career in this institution. Not even at one point in life I will learn in an institution away from home. I like the campus first because it is ranked top in Australia and the quality of education offered is credible. Students here comprises of different ethnic groups hence i don`t feel inferior studying at this here. I cope with the new environment by making native students my best friend. The school has the best lectures ans students too are friendly. The third interviewee: The most memorable day is the day I stepped in this campus it was my first day to realize I had no friend around me and everything seemed a nightmare to me. I like the campus first because they never discriminate international students we learn together and do everything together as one community. Moreover, the campus gives students social welfare token by organizing educative events where we meet and interact with people of different capers. I cope with the new environment by interacting randomly with anyone I meet in the premises. The school has friendly staff. Conclusion The power of doing empathy work in our campus with the international students had a lot of influence and gave us a big picture of what psychological problems international students face while is a new social environment (Sawir, 2005).. This work sounds simple but the initiative of doing the field research and getting first hand information from the international students was incredibly powerful. As our team strategizing on the problem space; preparing questions, setting schedules for and time limits and the cost of expenditure while on the ground made the process more palatable. Especially on time allocation we decided to have a (30 minutes to one hour ) conversation with each interviewee and actually we interviewed each person all of us because we had time we scheduled and agreed with them on specific time and they responded positively. For those international students we had a conversation with, they applauded us for the successful and interactive sessions. Actually, nothing is as important as getting from what you do and having conversations with people who has changed their social environment so as to get first hand information about their psychological feeling (Ward et. al 2005). The information we gathered was incredibly relevant and we further opt to find solutions for such problems. References Hellstn, M. (2002). Students in transition: Needs and experiences of international students in Australia. Sawir, E. (2005). Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience.International Education Journal,6(5), 567-580. Ward, C., Bochner, S., Furnham, A. (2005).The psychology of culture shock. Routledge.

The Cherokee Removal free essay sample

They had their own gender roles and religion; even eating food had a different definition than the white mans culture. They had equality between genders, and other members of the tribe had equal rights to talk. But still white people called them savage or uncivilized for political reasons and not just because they were completely barbaric. In this society, task division can be Seen between genders. For example, women Would farm and men would hunt. There was a townhouse where men and women would gather, it was a palace for debating and talking about important issues, and conduct ceremonies. The leader of the society was with one whom people would respect and follow him, rather than just a person who has born to office (p. 3). There were reasons that white men considered Native Americans uncivilized. Cherokees or Native Americans were people who would live as a tribe, they had a leader and they would share the land that they were using for hunting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cherokee Removal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were some laws and organizations. They had men who would fight and women who would farm and take care of the rest of the family. Their cloth was different than white peoples they wouldnt cook their meat, they werent Christian, and they didnt have any education. They believed it was up to them to keep everything around them in balance and when one of them was killed they thought it was their responsibility to telltale their death. Also, they believed men balanced women and hunting balanced farming.They also didnt have any priority laws. By the end of asses relations between Americans and Native Americans changed. Since neither the united States nor Native Americans would give up their goals, the government of United States figured that to win Native Americans and get all they wanted, government needed to spend lots of money and time. The united States tried to figure out a peaceful way to communicate with Native Americans. The new workable system fell to President George Washingtons first Secretary of War Henry Knox (p. 0).Henry Knox brought a new relation between Americans and Native Americans. Knox and Washington believed that the uncivilized Indian life was based on them not knowing better. On the other hand, their inferiority was cultural not racial (p. 1 1). In 1 791 they announced the Cherokees may be led to a greater civilized society instead of remaining hunters. So women started to weave cloth, these Cherokee planters became rich, and the first law established in 1 808 was about preventing the theft horses, also Cherokees invented a system for writing the Cherokee language.The Indian Removal policy started by Andrew Jackson ND passed in 1830. In 1 sass the Georgia legislature planed a lottery system, that was system of land distribution and qualifying citizens could register for a chance to win these lands. United States could not force tribal leaders to sell their lands and many of leaders refused to sell their lands. However, in asses Resolution of Georgia General Assembly declared that under constitution, the federal government had no power in dealing with the Cherokees except regulate commerce. (p. 74). Thus if the United States failed to obtain the Cherokee Nation for Georgia under the Compact of 1 802, the state could simply take their lands. Even though Supreme Court voted in favor of Cherokees about the Cherokee Nation and Georgia, but Georgia refused to follow the Supreme Courts order. Jackson believed that civilizing Indians and settling them down caused us the loss of the opportunity to purchase their land. One of the important reasons of people like Jackson for supporting the idea of the Act of Removal was the United States discovered gold in their lands.The United States figured out in order to expand the cotton economy they needed more fertile lands, and the lands that Native Americans had were one of the most fertile lands. Also Lewis Case the governor of the Michigan territory was against the civilization program because he blamed the character and temperament of the Native Americans (p. 1 15). Following the Removal Act, Catherine Beechen stood for American women standing up against Cherokee Removal at the time when women had few political openings. She wrote a widely distributed circular in which she called on women to petition congress to defeat the impending Indian Removal Act (p. 1 11). Many of the Cherokees were against the Act of Removal, but there was no agreement among them just like American society. Many of the Native American women was outside of political argument they used to farm and take care of their families but the Removal Act provided an opportunity for Cherokee women to talk out to the Cherokee National Council.They believed it is their duty as mothers to guide their chiefs, they believed that they have grown up in the land that god gave them and they didnt like to be removed to another country and this would be like destroying your mothers (p. 1 32) mothers or Cherokee women believed that the Removal Act would destroy everything they have, The force to go west increased in the sass but few Cherokees agreed to move beyond Mississippi and under terms of Treaty of New Echoed, the Cherokees had to move in two years but most Cherokees resisted to move. The deadline approached and only two thousand Cherokees moved west. The Trail of Tears was from removing Indians from their land and moving them west by force. About three thousands of them were divided in to three groups in the last group, Lewis Ross brother of John Ross, was in charge of providing transportation tolls for roads, blankets in roads. The final group arrived in late March. About Houston of Cherokees died in the middle of the trial because the removal was very long and the weather was unconditional (p. 68). As they finally were forced to leave their land, despite losing their home, and losing many families in the middle of eight hundred mile even though moving out from their home land was meant to them as destroying everything they have. But still these people showed their capability of coping with harsh situations. As it is obvious they didnt get any stronger. Nowadays, they are not famous unfortunately as it goes these people will get more Americanizes and will forget more about their past. The Cherokee Removal free essay sample President Andrew Jackson and the passing of the Indian Removal Act of 1 830, the Cherokee people could have easily integrated into American society. The Cherokee people incorporated many Of the Anglo-American ways in order to become civilized and assimilate into American society. They converted from a hunter and gathering society into an agrarian society by clearing parcels of land for farming. Farming became their primary means of food. John Ridge, a prominent Cherokee, stated, Here is not to my knowledge a solitary Cherokee to be found that depends upon the chase for pubescence and every head of a family has his house farm (Trail of Tears). A few of the wealthier Cherokee, usually half-breeds, owned larger tracks of land. Some even owned slaves in which to raise cotton to be sold at market for a profit. In addition to becoming farmers, the Cherokee people structured their own way of governing. The Cherokee formed a system of government structured similar to that of the United States government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cherokee Removal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were legislative, judicial and executive branches that establish laws, which were written in English and enforced by a court of justice, sheriffs, marshals, and unstable within each district (Trail of Tears). The Cherokee people even adopted their own constitution and declared themselves a sovereign and independent nation (The Removal Cases). In addition to adopting a constitution, they also adopted Christianity. Any superstitions of the past where dissipated by the embracing of the Christian faith.Churches were established and [Oho influence of Religion on the life of the Indians is powerful lasting. (Trail of Tears). In addition to adopting a constitution and embracing the Christian faith, education became an important aspect of the Cherokees life. Education of the tribe was on the up rise. John Ridge stated in this letter to Albert Gallatin that, There are about 13 schools established by missionaries in the Nation and may contain 250 students. . .. Besides this, some of our most respectable people have their children educated at academies in adjoining states (Trail of Tears).For the tribe members who did not know the English language, a written Cherokee language was invented so they may be educated also. TO further educate tribe members, the Cherokee nation acquired a printing press and established their own newspaper. In addition to the newspaper, a society was established called the Moral tertiary Society of the Cherokee Nation (Trail of Tears). With all the opportunities for education, the Cherokee people had become civilized and were integrating into American society, yet there were still those who wanted them removed. With the discovery of gold in Georgia in 1828, a state that contained a large part of the Cherokee Nation, more and more Georgia citizens were demanding the Cherokees removal. Many believed the Indians were unable to become civilized. Senator Lewis Sacs of Michigan stated fore Congress that, Existing for two centuries in contact with a civilized people, they have resisted, and successfully too, every effort to meliorate their situation, or to introduce among them the most common arts of life. .. There must then be an inherent difficulty, arising from the institutions, character, and condition of the Indians themselves (Trail of Tears). When questioned about the civilized Cherokees his response was, And we have as little doubt, that this change of opinion and condition is confined, in a great measure, to some of the half-breeds and their immediate connections. These are not sufficiently numerous to affect our general proposition (Trail of Tears).Yet, the Cherokee proved they were civilized with the incorporation Of farms, schools, churches, and a constitution. Georgia looked to the U. S. Constitution and President Andrew Jackson for a means to remove the Cherokee from their land. Departing from earlier views of how to handle the Indians, Andrew Jackson, who was raised on the frontier with a dislike for Indians (Borer 253), was more than willing to help Georgia in its cause to remove the Cherokee.He viewed Georgia as a sovereign state within the United States and according to the U. S. Constitution; no other sovereign nation could exist within its boundaries. He advised the Cherokee to disassemble their government and emigrate beyond the Mississippi or submit to the laws of those States [in which they resided] (Trail of Tears). Jackson believed that is would be in the best interest Of the United States and the Indians to relocate west of the Mississippi. In his Annual Message to Congress on December 8, 1829, he states: Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage mom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Meghan, the Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast over-taking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek. That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the States does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert so great a calamity.It is too late to inquire whether it was just in the United States to include them and their territory within the bounds of new States, whose limits they could control. (Trail of Tears) In order to remove the Cherokee from their home lands, President Jackson ensured that passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This Act entitled the U. S. Government to exchange public lands in the West for Indian territories in the East and appropriated $500,000 to cover the expenses of removal (Borer 254). Even though the Cherokee were a civilized people, under the Removal Act, the Cherokee Nation had no choice but to disband.The Cherokee were forced by federal troops to migrate west between October 1 838 and March 1 839 to the Oklahoma territory. This exodus became one of the most horrific journeys in American history. An estimated ,000 Cherokee perished on what became to be known as the Trail of Tears (Anderson, Wetware, Bell Our nation, which fought for the right of freedom from tyranny, stripped civilized human beings from their homes and forced them into oppression all on the premises it would be in the best interest for the Indians to relocate so as not to become extinct.In actuality, the true reason forcing the Cherokee off their home lands was the greed for the land and gold. Chief John Ross of the Cherokee nation, who was s o influential in civilizing the tribe, was comment as saying, We are stripped of every attribute f freedom and eligibility for legal self-defense. We are denationalization; we are disfranchised. We are deprived of membership in the human family! (Trail of Tears) A people that could have become a prosperous and productive part of society were now forced into poverty.In spite of all the Cherokee people have been through, the North Carolina band has contributed greatly to todays society. The Eastern band of the Cherokee has contributed to the economy of the Western North Carolina Great Smoky Mountains by teaching their culture through museums, story telling and craft sells. With the opening of the Hurrah Casino, tourism has increased considerably which contribute to the economy of not only the tribe but also the surrounding counties.

Assess the challenge of Post-development theory to mainstream development paradigms Essay Example

Assess the challenge of Post Assess the challenge of Post-development theory to mainstream development paradigms Essay Assess the challenge of Post-development theory to mainstream development paradigms Essay Essay Topic: All Quiet On the Western Front The rise of Post-development theory in the late 1980s through to the 1990s advocated by scholars across the globe (Sachs, Escobar, Esteva, Shiva and Illich to name but a few) brought to the fore more radical interpretations and critiques of mainstream development paradigms. The post-development theorists set about a brutal yet arguably necessary attack upon current development practices and theories claiming to uncover some of the hidden truths behind the Western development project, as Esteva states The time has come to unveil the secret of development and see it in all its conceptual starkness (1992:7). Post-development embarked on a complete rejection of current development practice naming it a failure in every sense. However, others were sceptical, many believing that such a position was unnecessary and indeed unhelpful in terms of suggesting development alternatives, as Nederveen-Pieterse writes Post-development is caught in a rhetorical gridlock. Using discourse analysis as an ideological platform invites political impasse and quietism. In the end post-development offers no politics besides the self-organising capacity of the poor, which actually lets the development responsibility of the states and international institutions off the hook (2000: 187). Under such stark criticism the question often posed is what real challenge does post-development theory have to offer to the wider debate and reality of the development situation, if all it appears to be is semantic hot air? This paper will discuss in detail this very point, arguing that despite its at times, extreme radical view points, post-development has much to offer in terms of challenging our neoclassical interpretations and understanding of mainstream development theory. An initial overview will be given of the progression of development over the last four decades, highlighting the rise of post-development theory in the 1980s through to the 1990s. Following this, an in-depth assessment of the challenges posed to mainstream development by post-development will be given stressing the complexities associated with such challenges. Case studies and critique will be apparent throughout. Post-development theory grew out of a huge sense of dissatisfaction and disillusion with the way mainstream development theory was both constructed and operated. Such mainstream development has been seen as intrinsically linked to Neoliberal policies of economic reform and a dominant western understanding of how countries should progress and grow along the same teleological path as Western societies, the end goal of which being modernization and industrialisation. Mainstream development appeared to be constructed of a single, monolithic and imperialist vision of progress and planning as Escobar notes the idea that poor countries could move more or less smoothly along the path of progress through planning has always been held as an indubitable truth (1992:64). Post-development thinkers date the beginning of mainstream development to 1949 when President Truman made his famous speech, during which as Esteva believes, two billion people became burdened with the label underdeveloped (1992:7). Since that date development theory and practice has moved hap-hazardly through the decades along various initiatives and practices led by Western International Financial Institutions, development professionals and agencies. Development aims and goals were headed up by a number of schools of thought including the structuralists and dependency theorists of the 1960s, the modernisation and basic needs approaches of the 70s, through to the Neoliberal structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s (the so-called lost decade of development). The 1990s and into the 21st century, against the backdrop of the growing Globalisation phenomena, have heralded what is being called a more alternative and participatory approach to development theory and practice, based on a more human development and rights based approach. Scholars such as Robert Chambers have brought to the fore the importance of participatory methods to the development field, advocating methods such as PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) which places a greater emphasis on the role of local people in defining and solving their development problems, a realisation that villagers have a greater capacity to map, model, observe, quantify, estimate, compare, rank, score and diagram than outsiders have generally supposed them capable of (1994:1255). Despite these efforts to give development a human face many argue that such forms of so-called alternative development remain undistinguishable from the mainstream and have arguably merged, The problem is that there is no clear line of demarcation between mainstream and alternative alternatives are co-opted and yesterdays alternatives are todays institutions (Nederveen Pieterse. 1998:349). As development has crawled through the 1990s and into 2000 the gusto and courage of the post-development thinkers has merely been fuelled. Not happy with mainstream development or the alternatives it offers, post-development poses the ultimate challenge, to find not an alternative development rather an alternative too development. With its provocative statements and voice of certitude post-development challenges every development workers mind. The following discussion will draw out some of the key challenges posed by post-development including case studies and examples of development failure. Critique of these challenges will be given throughout. The collapse of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) summit held in September 2003 in Cancun marked a significant moment in time and provided a stark reminder that mainstream development is not working. At the summit unfair trade rules were met with resistance from more than 71 developing nations who refused to accept the forced agenda set by the rich nations. The result : the collapse of the talks. The failure of the rich nations to accept and negotiate resistance and the subsequent abandonment of the summit, marks what so commonly occurs within such agreements, that of Our way, or the highway! . The very same global advocates of human and economic development as a good for all showed themselves to be the very same hypocritical powers keeping developing nations trapped in crippling poverty through unfair and exploitative global trade regulations, For the developing countries, membership has not brought protection from abuses by the powerful economies, mush less serve as a mechanism of development (Bello. 2003:2). The Cancun Development Round marks a prime example of the ever apparent reality which post-development thinkers so explicitly oppose the hegemonic global dominance of the Worlds super-powers dictating progress and development based only on their terms. It is this profits before people (Kernaghan. 2001:64) attitude based on Neoliberal economics and neoclassical development theory, to which post-development is so strongly against. Mainstream economic development policies touted the world over based on economic reform, lowering of tariffs and trade liberalization in the Southern nations has been heavily criticised for its failure. Such failure has been marked by growing resistance across developing nations who are increasingly dissatisfied with World Bank and IMF Neoliberal prescriptions, and who are calling for a different development. A recent example of this cited in The Guardian, in which Lula Da Silva the elected Brazilian President states that 76% of Brazilians had voted against the current free market economic policy and in favour of a new model of development (The Guardian. 2002:14). The above example of the Cancun talks marks an entry point into a discussion of the challenges posed by post-development. Nederveen-Pieterse describes post-development as a Radical reaction to the dilemmas of development (2000:175), however whether it really is a radical standpoint is debatable, rather is it a more realistic and common-sense view from which to approach the fai de of development of the last 40 years, as the title quote from Esteva remarks In Mexico, you must be either numb or very rich if you fail to notice that development stinks (1987:1351). Post-development critiques the core basics of mainstream development theory taking overt positions on the problematisation of poverty, the portrayal of development as weste rnisation and critique of modernism and science (Nederveen- Pieterse. 2000:175). Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault on power, truth and knowledge many of the post-development thinkers challenge the imperialist, western and dominant form which, they argue, development has taken, believing that the development project was merely a form of neo-colonialism used to maintain the rich nations dominance and the poorer nations subordination, Systematic, empirical investigation of historical, geographical, and demographic conditions engendered the modern human sciences. Their aim for Foucault, was not human emancipation, but the making of docile yet productive bodies (Dreyfus Rabinow. 1983) (In Peet Hartwick. 1999:130). One of the most significant challenges posed by post-development is towards the use of modernism and technology as a development good for all. The neoclassical understanding of development draws on the lure of modern society to encourage the systematic modernisation of developing nations along western developmental paths in which industrialization, technological advance and utmost modernity can be fully embraced. For post-development thinkers, such as Illich, modernization means mass commodification and the rise of global products, a type of modernization which is suited more to the market needs of rich nations. In advocating the rise to modernity, Illich believes that a state of mind is engendered within developing nations, a state of mind which convinces them they are underdeveloped, Underdevelopment is the result of rising levels of aspiration achieved through the intensive marketing of patent products (1997:97). Thus for Illich poverty becomes planned, a scam to force developing nations into an unfair globalized economy producing foreign products for the global market and to, as Illich provocatively puts it surrender social consciousness to pre-packaged solutions (1997:97). And what of the impact the presence of such foreign firms and products have on developing nations? The impacts according to post-development, are only too apparent from the high levels of industrial pollution and environmental degradation to the use of sweatshop labour in the manufacture of global goods. A recent example in the UK press highlights the adversity of these impacts only too well as the largest Coca Cola plant in India is accused of putting thousands of farmers out or work by draining the water that feeds their wells and poisoning the land with waste sludge that the company claims is fertiliser (The Guardian. 2003). The plant employing only 141 people has been condemned by the charity ActionAid as an example of the worst kind of inward investment by multinational companies in developing countries (The Guardian. 003). In the face of such modern catastrophe and technological disaster, such as that of the big D Development Dam projects of the last two decades (including the Indian Sardar Sarovar Project in which over 200,000 people have been displaced, 56% of whom are tribal people (Kurian. 2000:843)), the post-development thinkers call on tradition, self-sufficiency and locally based forms of appropriate technology to resist, challenge and provide alternatives to the domina nt ideologies of modernism touted by global technocrats. The well documented work of Norberg-Hodge writing on Ladakh in the trans-Himalayan region of Kashmir, highlights the importance post-development theory places on traditional ways of life as a means to provide alternatives to development and challenge modernity. Writing on Ladakh, Norberg-Hodge notes how life has changed since external development forces have become increasingly significant in Ladakhi life, When I first lived among Ladakhis in the early 1970s, they enjoyed Peace of mind. The pace of their lives was relaxed and easy. An important element in this stress-free lifestyle was the fact that they had control over their own lives. Over the last thirty years however I have watched as external forces have descended on the Ladakhis like an avalanche, causing massive and rapid disruption (2001:112). She writes of the self-sufficient life which was led before development intervention, and as Rahnema and Bawtree She feels that western society has much to learn from the traditional lifestyle of the Himalayan people of Ladakh (1997:22). However, this challenge to modernism and technology and its call to more traditional ways of life does not go un-criticised. The post-development school is indeed heavily criticised for its over-romanticisation of the past, which some argue serves to artefact people and cultures, as Corbridge writes Post-development romanticises the soil cultures of the social majorities and provides poor empirical documentation of its claims (1999:145). Post-development theory also falls weak in its challenge to modernism and technology in its failure to recognise the liberating effects they may have, for example the use of cyber-technology by the Mexican Zapatistas in gaining international support and recognition, or the Kyapos use of video cameras and planes to defend their culture and ancestral lands in the Brazillian rainforests (an example cited in Escobar, 1995, implying the somewhat contradictory nature of the scholars arguments). One of the key criticisms of the post-development challenge to modernism and technology is that many believe they do not suggest adequate alternatives and merely rely on a glorification of the local, as Nederveen-Pieterse comments on the work of Norberg-Hodge, What is the point of declaring development a hoax (Norberg-Hodge. 1995) without proposing alternatives (2000:188). A further significant challenge presented by post-development is that towards the all encompassing concepts of global good, an example of which is sustainability. Since the early introduction of the concept in the Brundtland Report and its increasing prominence through international summits such as the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, Sustainability and sustainable development have become key buzz words within the development field heralded as a more integrated development goal in terms of achieving long term social, economic and environmental goals for present and future generations. However, as with many initiatives it appears that as increasing numbers of development agencies and organisations jump on the sustainability band wagon, it is proving to be another development good based merely on rhetoric. Indeed misuse of the concept has resulted in it becoming seen as another hegemonic Western discourse. An example of this can be seen in the number of inappropriate environmental projects which have sprung up in developing nations as a result of western use of sustainable development as a powerful interventionist tool. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) in association with the World Bank has been guilty of this, using un-realistic Eco-development projects in India to conserve the environment and create National Parks for Tourist purposes. The projects, carried out with little consultation from local people have resulted in the displacement of indigenous peoples from forest lands. The projects are imposed on the local communities by foreign environmentalists whose initiatives go against the basic livelihoods of those who depend on the forest resources for survival. The use of grand theory and concepts such as sustainable development again become what the post-developmentalists are so against, the imposition of development from centralised, distant bureaucracy which make decisions for communities they have never consulted (Source:2). Esteva writes on sustainability, .. in its mainstream interpretation, sustainable development has been explicitly conceived as a strategy for sustaining development, not for supporting the flourishing and enduring of an infinitely diverse natural and social life (1992:16). As the above example of sustainability highlights, post-development thinkers challenge the use of grand meta-narratives which are so commonly used within mainstream development paradigm. One of the main critiques of post-development is that it offers no alternative, it merely rejects current practice. Schurrman (2000) comments on the loss of central paradigms in development and poses the questions as to whether post-modernism, post-development and globalisation are capable of offering new and exciting paradigms? What Schurrman fears is that perhaps they are not, and as old paradigms are lost, new ones remain absent (Schurrman. 2000) The post-developmentalists would challenge this significantly, as Escobar points out By now it should be clear that there are no grand alternatives that can be applied to all places or all situations (1995:222), reiterated by Foucault who believed that all global theories such as modernization theory, Marxist mode of production theory, or world systems theory, to be reductionist, universalistic, coercive and even totalitarian (Peet Hardwick. 999: 132). These concepts and theories constructed within a western world view are strongly rejected as they challenge the scale at which mainstream development theory and practice operates, calling for more localized, grassroots-specific, bottom-up approaches. The ultimate challenge posed by the post-developmentalists to mainstream development is that of its failure, as Sachs famously puts it, The idea of development stands like a ruin on the intellectual landscape. Delusion and disappointment, failures and crimes have been the steady companions of development and they tell a common story: it did not work (1992:1). From the widening of inequality to the increased spread of HIV/Aids post-development theorists condemn mainstream development to failure. Examples such as the work of Ferguson (1994) on development failure in Lesotho based on rural development called The Thaba-Theska Project funded by the World Bank and Canadian International Development Agency in 1974, or even recent pieces in the Press such as an interview with Michael Buerk in the January edition of the Radio Times, in which he comments on his visits to Ethiopia in 1984 compared to a recent visit in 2004 in which he states The fact is that there are twice as many people hungry in Ethiopia today as there were in 1984 (Michael Buerk. 004:153), all point to failure. Despite the stark truth of development failure in some cases, others argue that such a negative standpoint and utter rejection of development does not ring true across the whole of the developing world, where examples of success and progress have been made. Corbridge offers the following critique, Post-development gives no hint of the extraordinary accomplishments that have defined the age of development, or of the historically unprecedented increases in life expectancies for men and women that have been achieved since 1950 (In India, life expectancies at birth increased for men from 46-60 years between 1965 and 1990, and for women from 44 to 58 years (Corbridge. 1999:145). Criticised for their generalisation of development, overtly pessimistic view points, romanticisation, unproblematised view of social movements and a complete rejection of development, post-developmentalists have themselves not preceded unchallenged. Indeed their tendency to deconstruct rather than reconstruct and the absence of alternatives does make many wary of the fruitfulness of such a standpoint (see Nederveen-Pieterse 2000). However, the beauty of post-development lies not in its answers but in its lack of answers. Post-developmentalists challenge the global super powers and International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank and IMF; they challenge civil society to resist, in similar ways to those of the Mayan indigenous population who through the rise of the Zapatistas have appealed for an end to 500 years of oppression and 40 years of development (Esteva. 994:302) and who call for greater recognition of indigenous rights; they call on NGOs, development Agencies, charities and development practitioners to rethink the way they operate, to question and to challenge the work they are doing; they challenge not only Western scholars but also those of the Third World, in particular on what Peet and Hardwick call Intellectual Dependency Theory (1999:137) a challenge to Third World scholars to move away from the dominant ideologies of Western discourse towards more critical and creative thinking on th e issues facing developing countries; they also pose challenges to themselves, to their body of knowledge which indeed does not provide answers. However, ultimately post-development challenges us, both our mind set, ways of thinking and assumptions. To conclude it must be stated that despite its obvious drawbacks, post-development successfully provides a series of provocative challenges to mainstream development paradigms, indeed Corbridge sums up the power of post-development and the opportunity it provides for future change, Post-development keeps the raw nerve of outrage alive post-development thinkers force us to confront our own prejudices about the agendas of development and the shocking failure of some aspects of the development project. They also provide a human touch that is too often missing in development studies (1999:143).

Dreams Essays - A Dream, Dream, Verbal Language In Dreams

Dreams Essays - A Dream, Dream, Verbal Language In Dreams Dreams A dream is a dream, is a dream. So come with me to a place not so far away where a dream is a dream and skies arent so grey. A dream is a dream, is a dream. So come with me and fly away. So come with me and fly away to a place where theres always a way, and no reason not to stay. So stay with me in this place tonight, I promise you Ill hold you tight. A dream is a dream, is a dream, so please stay with me in this dream tonight

Judicial Review in the UK and the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judicial Review in the UK and the USA - Essay Example Judicial review was exercised even before that Constitutional Convention in several states. This is seen in respect of the fact that at least seven of 13 states had experienced the invalidation of their statutes on the grounds that that they violated the higher law or the constitution in one way or another. Hayburn's Case (1792) is one case that saw judicial review in practice as the court held the decision of Congress regarding pension applications unconstitutional. Hylton v. United States (1796) as decided by the US Supreme Court also saw Congress challenged in a matter relating to direct taxes. The Judiciary Act (Section 13) that establishes the US judicial courts gives the Supreme Court the authority to "to issue writs of mandamus, in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States" .Components of Judicial ReviewFor a higher law to be applied effectively, the ruler having constraint in making decisions, there needs to be a set of procedures through which the regulations can be translated into practical actions.   The procedures afore mentioned encompass the codification of the law in a manner that is legally cognizable in terms of language used, reliance on a competent institution to make interpretations of the regulations as well as the existence of a social agreement that the rulings made by the institution that interprets the regulations are supreme and must therefore be upheld. In simple terms judicial review demands three basic elements to be functional in the modern world; the existence of written law or a constitution, the existence of a competent institution (court) to interpret the law and finally respect for the ruling in respect of its